start with https://
open.substack.com/pub/garymarcus
/p/how-o3-and-grok-4-accidentally-vindicated?r=8tdk6&utm_medium=ios
… and my substack piece on Claude Code and then read my 2001 book The Algebraic Mind
@garymarcus
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Analyzing o3, Grok 4, and Claude Code
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Claude Code and the Neurosymbolic Approach to LLM Limitations
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claude code is an immense neurosymbolic effort to ward off the failure of pure LLMs. you sir are lost.
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Technical analysis of neurosymbolic AI architecture
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it’s a klugey neurosymbolic system but its certainly neurosymbolic. it’s certainly NOT a pure neural networks, and certainly not a pure symbolic system. it is a blend. (and of course lots of symbolic systems are kluges)
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The Shift from Deep Learning to Neurosymbolic AI
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Deep learning hit a wall. Neurosymbolic AI rescued it.
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Technical Analysis of Claude Code’s Neurosymbolic Architecture
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Claude Code (still not AGI but biggest advance since GPT-4) is the most neurosymbolic thing I have ever seen in my life. 53 symbolic tools, 500,000 lines of symbolic code, combined with a state-of-the-art LLM. It is categorically *not* a victory for pure LLMs; it’s a
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House Committee Reviews OpenAI Board Oversight and Conflict Policies
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wow! “It is the [House] Committee’s understanding that the new board of directors at OpenAI tried to address these problems upon your return by creating an “audit committee to review potential conflicts involving directors and officers, including [Sam] Altman,” but OpenAI did not
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The necessity of world models in AI systems
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might be the other way around. and it’s not totally clear what the term means. but you need a world model for any of these things.
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Analyzing Incremental Progress and Moats in General Purpose LLMs
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When is the last time a general purpose LLM (putting aside hybrid systems like Claude Code with special purpose symbolic harnesses) last completely blew away all competing prior models? GPT-4 relative to GPT 3.5? That’s what incremental change with no real moat looks like.
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The Economic Gamble of AI Compute Infrastructure
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Compute is scarce and has to be bought years in advance, before companies know whether revenue will ever catch up.
— Gary Marcus (@GaryMarcus) 11 mai 2026
That is exactly the nature of the largest gamble in history.
Heaven help the global economy if it’s wrong. https://t.co/CqM7vcac34Compute is scarce and has to be bought years in advance, before companies know whether revenue will ever catch up. That is exactly the nature of the largest gamble in history. Heaven help the global economy if it’s wrong.