Estimates of power usage here: https://
arxiv.org/pdf/2509.20241 (these numbers also match independent assessments) Estimates of water usage here: https://
eta-publications.lbl.gov/sites/default/
files/2024-12/lbnl-2024-united-states-data-center-energy-usage-report_1.pdf
… (note it only includes direct cooling, not water for electricity generation)
Estimates of AI data center power and water usage
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